In todays America, foreign policy is a hot topic Essays

In the present America, international strategy is a hotly debated issue that accompanies a lot of contention, just as numerous suppositions and contentions. A large portion of which originates from an amalgam of the numerous occasions and conditions that have occurred in this nation just as others. Fear based oppressor assaults, wars, another President, with that you have just started to marginally dive into the elements of the present international strategy atmosphere. With regards to subjects in that capacity, or governmental issues as a rule, individuals as a rule land on one of different sides. Visionary or Realist. The commonplace visionary will reveal to you that they have faith in the intensity of good over underhandedness. Romantic accept that most of people mean well, and are acceptable individuals all around. All things considered, an Idealist would totally differ with anything even comparative with a movement boycott, or limitations on outsiders. They accept circumstances like this are unreasonable, or unjustifiable. I trust in Realism. Implying that I comprehend that it is in human instinct for individuals to act to their greatest advantage, or act as per their very own ethics. Therefore, the circumstance is the thing that it is and should be managed likewise. We can start with the apparent history of fear based oppression inside our country's outskirts. Effective and fruitless, there have been numerous endeavors on the lives and prosperity of our residents. These endeavors have originated from numerous sources, and if not situated in outside nations, normally enlivened by enrollment specialists from different nations. It's implied that this should be halted. As a pragmatist, when there is an issue nearby, you remember it, and manage it. An extraordinary dominant part of these fear circumstances have been brought about by individuals and gatherings outside of our fringes. A basic arrangement is to restrain acknowledgment of outsiders that may have establishes in the spots these assaults have originated from. To a romantic this is totally off-base. Be that as it may, as somebody who bargains in realities and realities just, this is the best way to secure our dirt and the numerous individuals who occupy it. The lives of blameless men, ladies , and youngsters isn't really something I accept we can face challenges on, or be amicable or politically right about. We can't keep on accidentally acknowledge future killers and psychological militants with great affection. We have to altogether screen individuals endeavoring to pick up passage into the U.S.. It might burden great individuals yet that is the value we'll pay to ensure our own. The equivalent reasonable beliefs apply according to the U.S's. cooperation in others' wars and clashes. As a pragmatist, I accept we ought to be worried about our issues and our issues as it were. With respect to security, we draw more foes and expected dangers by continually picking sides or taking an interest in circumstances that don't legitimately influence us. With respect to spending, we dispense huge measures of cash so as to have a nearness in these outside grounds or battle for different nations. A dreamer accepts that as a country of intensity it is our obligation to secure and serve others. Authenticity has persuaded this is false. We need to accomplish for ourselves most importantly. We need to ensure our own above all else. Anything that can compromise that ought to be disposed of from our needs. In all perspectives, I accept that these elements we help, will consistently be out for themselves and will in the end surrender, if not absolutely sell out us if fundamental. Putting resources into precarious bonds, for example, these can just do us hurt. As far as the War on ISIS, I accept we should proceed with endeavors to penetrate and obliterate all substances whose character depends on a danger to our country. Practically, numerous gatherings incorporating ISIS exist with a reason to end however many American lives as could be expected under the circumstances. These gatherings become increasingly advanced, prepared, and experienced continuously. Any endeavors we can advance to discolor their essence is genuinely necessary. The danger they present is genuine, their past activities were genuine, and their reality is genuine. We can't overlook or pussyfoot around it. We need to confront it head on. As a pragmatist, I accept they will

Dead Mens Path Essay Example For Students

Dead Mens Path Essay Consistently, the way of life of different populaces has changed ordinarily, from multiple points of view, causing negative responses from a few and acknowledgment from others. Societies are set in a manner that regardless of whether changes happen, they keep the essential estimation of the past culture and include a bit of new convictions from another period. In Chinua Achebes Dead Mens Path, Michael Obi, the superintendent of a dynamic school, has distinctive strict convictions from the town he lives in. Obi wishes to close the way prompting the towns graveyard, yet the residents contradict this activity since it bargains their legacy and culture. Ones methodology and character in forcing modernization over customary convictions can offer ascent to clashes and could bring about results. In Dead Mens Path, Achebe utilizes images in the setting and portrayal to communicate the topic. Right off the bat, there are numerous images that show culture in Achebes short storys setting. The fundamental one he utilizes is the way. It is an association between the town sanctum and their place of entombment. In the story, the cleric states to Obi: This way was here before you were conceived and before your dad was conceived. The entire existence of this town relies upon it. Our dead relative of the townspeople withdraw by it and our predecessors visit us by it. It is the way of youngsters coming in to be conceived. In this manner, the way speaks to the legacy of the town, their conventional lifestyle. What's more, the destruction of one of the school structures and the nursery by the residents demonstrate repulsive and battling to keep their privileges, qualities and opportunity of their way of life. The utilization of images in this short story shows the peruser the results of contradicting the convictions of a larger part and conflicting with their will. Besides, the creator utilizes portrayal to impart his theory. The hero of the story, Michael Obi, speaks to the cutting edge conventions with biased convictions. In a contrary manner, the enemy of the story, the cleric, indicates the customary traditions and the local whose legacy is imperiled. Besides, the conclusion of the way by the superintendent demonstrates the cutting edge ways beating the conventional ones and struggle between various societies and convictions. To make the characters increasingly agent and more clear for the perusers, the writer utilizes an activity/response method of composing. For instance, when an elderly person totters directly over the compound of Obis school, Michael is baffled and needs to close the way. The elderly person is viewed as the legacy of the town and the school as a fresh start. It would along these lines imply that the new beginning restricts what was there previously, the set up roots and culture, that it doesn't perceive the past. Utilizing portrayal, the creator exhibits the connection between various lifestyles and communicates the issue connected to those distinctions. All in all, images and portrayal were misused by the creator to impart a message. Thus, if people have issues with a specific culture, they should regard it despite the fact that it doesnt relate to their perspective. In this way, so as to adjust, changes may must be made.

Everyones day starts in the morning Essay

Everyone’s day begins toward the beginning of the day and finishes at night or night. It is imperative to know when an individual for the most part awakens, eats or rests around evening time in light of the fact that these all exercises influence the person’s organic clock. On the off chance that an individual isn't following his/her day by day schedule, it can place the individual in a tough situation. For instance, if an infant isn't dozing when he/she should, she can have actually gravely following day. Not following a day by day timetable can upset the impressions of your mind. There are two huge contrasts between working toward the beginning of the day and at night, for example, changes of temperament and conduct and changes in diet. The principal distinction of working toward the beginning of the day and night is the progressions in person’s disposition and conduct. In contrast to night laborers, morning laborers are increasingly lively and new disapproved. Morning laborers work more productively than night laborers since they have gotten enough rest around evening time, so their body has energized for the following morning. In addition, working at dawn causes the humans’ body to be profitable. In any case, evening laborers in some cases become sluggish to carry out their responsibility appropriately. In some cases, they can’t center around what they are doing a direct result of unpredictable dozing hours. Additionally, not having normal long periods of rest can make an individual become discouraged and intellectually flimsy. The subsequent contrast is the progressions in person’s diet. In contrast to the night laborers, morning laborers typically have their morning meal before they begin working. At that point, they typically get ravenous around early afternoon since they have effectively consumed the vitality which they assembled from breakfast. In this way, that’s how their weight control plans are ordinary. In actuality, evening laborers have time just to do their lunch. For example, if an individual is working from 7 pm to 6 am, he/she will rest directly after his/her working movement. At that point, subsequent to awakening around early afternoon, they get eager and have lunch. In this way, that’s how not having a morning meal or supper will upset their eating regimen. Upsetting a workers’ diet can cause them numerous unintended outcomes. Taking everything into account, it is extremely hard to change a person’s natural clock. There are many negative consequences of working at night. Furthermore, sporadic working timetable make the everyday exercises harder to finish. An individual can’t get sufficient opportunity to do his/her day-to-dayâ activities. Be that as it may, morning laborers have the best efficiency to carry out their responsibility. Getting enough rest around evening time and working at dawn are two factors that offer vitality to morning laborers. Changes in a person’s state of mind and conduct and changes in a person’s diet are two significant contrasts of working in the first part of the day and night.

The Ironic Tragicomedy - Literature Essay Samples

Plays are often written to make a statement about the world, or to provoke deeper thought from the audience. While many playwrights share the same overall goal, each playwright adopts his or her own style of writing. After adopting a certain style, playwrights are then given the option to customize their genre to meet their literary needs. In the case of Friedrich Durrenmatt, the writer opted to combine both tragedy and comedy within his play The Visit. As in many plays, Friedrich Durrenmatt makes use of allusions to increase the audience’s understanding of key characters. Durrenmatt develops the characters Claire Zachanassian, Alfred Ill, and the Schoolmaster with a complexity not found in the play’s other roles. In order to do so, Durrenmatt employs the use of allusions throughout The Visit. These allusions create multi-faceted characters which contribute to the situational irony of the tragicomedy. One of the most important ironies within The Visit is the fact that Madam Claire Zachanassian did not become the obvious villain of the play. Madam Zachanassian offered â€Å"a million for Guellen if someone kills Alfred Ill† (Durrenmatt 38), which the Mayor promptly rejects â€Å"in the name of humanity† (39). The Mayor’s response eventually changes, and despite having orchestrated the eventual murder of the shopkeeper Alfred Ill, the town comes to defend Claire Zachanassian. Within the first act, the Schoolmaster spoke on behalf of the town when saying â€Å"we feel for you, deeply; we understand† (66) in regards to Madam Zachanassian’s feelings about justice. While the Schoolmaster at this moment in time is adamantly opposed to the acceptance of Madam Zachanassian’s offer, the quote foreshadows the Schoolmaster’s eventual change in opinion. The Schoolmaster’s statement indicates that, even after being shocked with such a dar ing proposal, the citizens of Guellen may still be inclined to understand how Madam Zachanassian feels. Friedrich Durrenmatt creates situational irony between Claire’s actions and the townspeople’s perception of her by alluding to the Greek play Medea in the second act. The schoolmaster states â€Å"Madam Zachanassian! You’re a woman whose love has been wounded. You make me think of a heroine from antiquity; of Medea† (66). In the play Medea, a young woman from Colchis is betrayed by her husband and the father of her two sons. Medea’s husband Jason leaves Medea for a wealthier young woman named Creusa, similarly to how Alfred Ill left Claire Zachanassian years before for Mrs. Ill, who had been the wealthy daughter of a shopkeeper at the time. At the end of the play, Medea kills her two sons as an act of ultimate revenge against Jason, but upon the play’s completion there is often a faction of the audience which believes Medea’s choice is justified. By alluding to Medea’s tale in The Visit when describing Madam Zachanassian, Durrenmatt poses the question: Were Claire Zachanassian’s actions justified? Durrenmatt’s allusion deepens the complexity Claire’s character Zachanassian. Where once stood an old, bitter woman who waltzed into Guellen thirsty for blood now stands a woman whose heart was betrayed. This allusion enables the audience of The Visit to sympa thize with Madam Claire Zachanassian; she quickly turns from the avenging murderess to the broken-hearted girl. The complexity Durrenmatt’s allusion created enables Claire Zachanassian to end the play without the title of â€Å"villain†. When Claire Zachanassian first enters Guellen, many of the citizens recognize that she may have come with grim intentions. The Schoolmaster, a symbol of enlightened thinking and education, tells the Mayor â€Å"Sir, I only learned what horror is one hour ago. That old lady in black robes getting off the train was a gruesome vision. Like one of the Fates; she made me think of an avenging Greek goddess. Her name shouldn’t be Claire; it should be Clotho. I suspect her of spinning destiny’s webs herself† (26). In Greek mythology, the three Fates are the embodiment of destiny. These fates are rumored to be more powerful than gods, and they control the lives of each individual by spinning the â€Å"thread of destinyâ₠¬ . When the fates cut one’s thread, the life ends and the soul enters the underworld. Clotho is the fate responsible for spinning the thread and therefore creating destiny. The Schoolmaster alludes to Clotho, foreshadowing Madam Zachanassian’s desire to manipulate and control the town as the fate Clotho controls life. The schoolmaster’s allusion is made prior to Zachanassian’s proposal, which serves well to indicate the intelligence and awareness the Schoolmaster embodies. While the Schoolmaster is apt enough to foresee Claire Zachanassian’s eminent wickedness, the irony of the situation lies within the fact that the Schoolmaster admits to Alfred Ill â€Å"They will kill you. I’ve known it from the beginning, and you’ve known it too for a long time, even if no one else in Guellen wants to admit it †¦ But I know something else. I shall take part in it† (77). The Schoolmaster, symbol for the education in a town where â€Å"[the people] are not savages† (39), eventually succumbed to the appeal of the wealth Madam Zachanassian is offering the town of Guellen. Durrenmatt’s allusion to Clotho does not create the irony, rather, the Schoolmaster’s character does. The Schoolmaster is designed as a symbol for everything an enlightened European society embodies. As the symbol for civilization, the schoolmaster should have been intelligent, honest, and civilized. Despite all this, even the most enlightened citi zen in Guellen still fell to the power of greed. The embodiment of civilized, rational thought is no match for the draw of one woman’s wealth, regardless of his foresight regarding the situation. While the aforementioned allusions in The Visit had clearly stated meanings, Durrenmatt inscribes other allusion’s meanings more subtly. During a wedding between Madam Zachanassian and her eighth husband, the Schoolmaster and his choir perform â€Å"Bach. From the Saint Matthew Passion† (64). Bach’s â€Å"Saint Matthew Passion† is eerily beautiful, but it was ironic that the song be performed at a wedding because Johannes Bach wrote the piece in memoriam of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, as told by the Book of Matthew in the Bible. What’s more, this wedding happened to be the 8th wedding of Madam Zachanassian. For a woman who seemed to enjoy the process of marriage and divorce, she certainly chose a grim tune for her day. This piece is as grim as most of Claire Zachanassian’s actions, and carries the dark story of an innocent man’s murder on behalf of the people. In a traditional wedding, the chosen piece would be something more fes tive and light-hearted. However, Durrenmatt chose the Saint Matthew Passion to emphasize the irony of a wedding occurring in a town filled with citizens on the verge of committing a murder. The tune highlights Alfred Ill’s role as the martyr for Guellen and contributes to the irony of the enlightened town turning a blind eye to his murder. Much like the Policeman, who Claire Zachanassian instructs to â€Å"wink a blind eye to things† (22), the townspeople turn a blind eye to the tragedy surrounding Alfred Ill’s life. Ill was killed for the benefit of the other citizens, just as Jesus Christ was killed for the benefit of the rest of the world. Much like a sacrificial lamb, the crimes of all the Guelleners are placed on Alfred Ill’s head and they will be granted â€Å"forgiveness† in the form of Madam Zachanassian’s financial aid. While Alfred Ill was essentially the cause of Claire Zachanassian’s strife with the town of Guellen, he did not play a role in the cruelty Madam Zachanassian experienced prior to her departure from Guellen. The irony of the Guellener’s sacrificial lamb lies within the fact that the people of Guellen created a deeper sin by condoning the murder of a man within their city limits. Despite the fact that some of Durrenmatt’s allusions are hidden within the subplot of The Visit, and the fact that some allusions often require further research for full understanding, each one serves a distinct purpose in developing the play as a whole. Durrenmatt is a writer whose style is filled with deliberate choices and references which ensure the audience interprets the play in the way which he intended. Durrenmatt wanted to convey the complexity of the moral conflict the town of Guellen was presented. There was no distinct right or wrong answer, but a certain sense of moral correctness sways the audience towards pitying Alfred Ill. While the play is filled with hate and murder, the audience is not left with a sense of melancholy upon completion of the play. As a playwright, Durrenmatt is clearly no stranger to the use of irony, and through his use of allusions in The Visit he creates a work that is truly the ironic tragicomedy.

Fast Growing Industry Of Mechanical Engineering - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 543 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/06 Category Engineering Essay Level High school Tags: Mechanical Engineering Essay Did you like this example? Argumentative Essay Mechanical Engineering Mechanical engineering is one of the most evolving industries in the world today. More than one out of every three college freshman plan to obtain an engineering degree.(OShaughnessy) It has many job opportunities for many people but can also be very competitive and challenging. It has also become one of the most widely studied and widely available college courses, with thousands of students choosing to study this field when they leave high school. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fast Growing Industry Of Mechanical Engineering" essay for you Create order (The Most Popular College Majors) However, many mechanical engineering students drop out of college because it might be too challenging, at the end of their first year of college. What could be the reason of all these drop outs be? They really dont know what their getting into when they sign up for mechanical engineering classes. Students should be more informed in the career of mechanical engineering and should continue the classes to get a degree. Currently, mechanical engineering is becoming one of the most fast growing and most important fields in the US and the world. Mechanical engineers are crucial in all types of fields of work, such as maintenance, repairing and manufacturing. Engineering is mixed with the knowledge and the principles of physics, computer science, material science, business and management and of course, a lot of math. A professional mechanical engineer is not only required to know the general knowledge of engineering, but also expected to master diverse and important skills. However, mechanical engineer cannot only take the goal as production. They also have to take responsibility for all the work they make and the products that they make. Also, Mechanical engineering is mainly about getting to know with the workings of mechanical objects and teaches students millions of valuable lessons when it comes to entering the mechanical field. There will be many mistakes along the long journey where you might get frustrated but there will always be a way around. A mechanical engineering course is not simply learning how things work together, its a lot more than that. It covers a wide range of subjects, including math. Many students find themselves once again with difficult math problems thats become frustrating and repetitive, but you must get through it. You will all be faced with calculus, an old enemy from high school. At this point many students drop out and believe that the road to become a mechanical engineering is over but that is not the case. Mechanical engineering courses continue to teach millions of students who then graduates each year. Those who have graduated from mechanical engineering courses and have a degree are now working out in the field and are designing the future for our planet. Many of these graduates are creating new ideas and are becoming millionaires in the process. Mechanical engineering is the fastest growing industry in the modern world. (The Most In-Demand (And Aging) Engineering Jobs) It is also safe for one to assume that it is going to continue to produce work; until machines are employed to fix other machines. Work Cited The Most Popular College Majors. Google Search, Google, OShaughnessy, Lynn. Engineering Degrees: How Tough Is It To Get One? CBS News, CBS Interactive, 27 Jan. 2010, The Most In-Demand (And Aging) Engineering Jobs. Google Search, Google,

Intake Form Critique Intake - 1332 Words

Intake Form Critique Intake is an important first step in developing a helping relationship with clients. Hepworth et al. (2013) note that as social workers, we must conduct multidimensional assessments of the problem in order to â€Å"identify the systems that play a significant role in the difficulty,† and also be able to â€Å"identifying relevant resources that can be tapped or must be developed† in order for treatment to occur. Conversely, if these assessments lack important information, clinicians will be missing pieces of important information that are needed to begin a helping relationship. Assessments must be thorough and ask precise questions in order to procure effective treatment solutions. Necessary Questions The mental health intake form I chose from the internet was lacking in multidimensional methodology and lacked significant information about client subsystems. Accordingly, the questions that regarded behavioral functioning did not cover presenting problems thoroughly. Specific questions about coping skills, social skills, and parenting skills were absent. Although, one question was asked regarding the client’s relationship with their children (which could insight into parenting skills), it was too open ended to get any major information. The assessment contained a section on legal history that was also not thorough. The spiritual section lacked crucial information. For instance, it did not ask about supportive relationships (i.e. name of aShow MoreRelatedA Critique Of An Intake Form1216 Words   |  5 PagesIntake Form Critique In this paper, I will provide a critique of an intake form typically utilized by community behavioral health agencies in the state of Arizona. For providers managed by Cenpatico, the regional behavioral health provider (RBHA), the intake process involves completion of the CORE assessment. When a Case Manager or Recovery Coach refers a client to other specialty agencies, a copy of the CORE assessment is required. In a way, it is standard form utilized by many providers. EachRead MoreMental Health Intake Form Critique. After Reviewing Several1545 Words   |  7 PagesMental Health Intake Form Critique After reviewing several mental health intake forms on the Internet, I selected the intake form from The Maple Counseling Center (TMCC) which is located in Beverly Hills, CA. The Maple Counseling Center focuses on delivering a variety of mental health services to clients of all ages, including youth, adults, couples, families, and group therapy. The actual intake form is four pages long. The intake packet that I downloaded was a total of 13 pages, but the additionalRead MoreThe Mental Health Multidimensional Intake Form For Clients Beginning Services At Fairview Counseling Centers Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pages Intake Form Critique Shelli J. Ness SWG 510: Foundation Practice I Arizona State University Online Fall 2016  Introduction In this critique, I will examine the mental health multidimensional intake form for clients beginning services at Fairview Counseling Centers in Minneapolis, MN. According to their website, this center encourages clients to have the intake forms completed before their initial intake appointment (2016). There are different forms depending on the client’s age and needs. ForRead MoreThe Navajo Nation Division Of Social Services1088 Words   |  5 PagesIntake Form Critique The Navajo Nation Division of Social Services (NDSS) intake form is used by three agencies under the NDSS umbrella for various services including child welfare for reservation residents, Indian Child Welfare for ICWA/state collaboration, local and off reservation adoption, as well as clinical treatment services. The intake form was developed in 2011 with the intent to gather and report Adoption, Foster Care, Analysis Reporting System (AFCARS) data to the federal government andRead MoreNutrition and Food Guide Servings1201 Words   |  5 Pagesadvertising pamphlet or the Internet. The article is to be from the popular press (directed at consumers) not from scientific literature. A copy (or photocopy) of the article must be submitted with your assignment. [1 mark] Write a critique (in point form) on this article. Include the following information: a. Identify the topic (this is not always the title of the article) of your article and where it was published (i.e. where you found the article). [2 marks]. b. Describe theRead MoreCritique of an article from the Journal of Applied Physiology1124 Words   |  5 PagesCritique of an article from the Journal of Applied Physiology Effect of different protocols of caffeine intake on metabolism and endurance performance Introduction In 2002, a group of Australian researchers published a paper entitled the Effect of different protocols of caffeine intake on metabolism and endurance performance. Caffeine use during sporting events has become much more popular and has widely studied. The purpose of the research was to examine the work increasing (ergogenic)Read MoreDietary Counseling As A Platform For Preventive Therapy Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the years, there has been an emphasis on the need to watch one’s dietary intake in the wake of the many lifestyle and sedentary diseases. As a result, many healthcare practitioners have undertaken dietary counselling as a platform for preventive therapy to many diseases. In recent times, one key area that has received extensive attention in regards to nutrition is cancer. Despite the existence of many forms of cancer, global studies in conjunction with the National Cancer Institute agreeRead MoreAlcohol COnsumpt ion and the Risk of Dementia1341 Words   |  5 Pagesfor centuries, mainly due to its sometimes damaging effects on consumers. However, there are those who believe that consuming alcohol could actually prove to have health benefits as well. A study by Dutch scientists suggests that a low-to-moderate intake of alcohol could actually reduce the risk of dementia in elderly victims from age fifty-five and up. The article that outlines the study, titled Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia: the Rotterdam Study, introduces the experiment as a part ofRead MoreThe Health Issue Of College Students965 Words   |  4 Pagesdrinking rates within college have been know to sky rocket after transitioning out of high school, and moving forward as and adult. A critique of Berg, Ritschel, Swan, An, and Ahluwalia (2011) study, examines the correlation of hope in relations to alcohol use, binge drinking, smoking, exercise, and limiting of dietary fat among undergraduate college students. Critique of Research Problems, Research Questions, and Hypothesis The purpose of the study was to test the â€Å"hope in engaging in healthy behaviorsRead MoreComparing Methadone And Suboxone Maintenance Treatment2517 Words   |  11 Pagesdemographic or clinical differences between gender, ethnicity, marital status, employment, and intake UDS findings for alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, and cocaine. However, Suboxone group had fewer self-pay patients than the methadone treatment group, and the average age for methadone group was higher than Suboxone. The methadone group had significantly more patients with UDS+ findings for benzodiazepines at intake compared to Suboxone. These results were based on chi-square analyses. (Proctor et al

Ballots and Protected Industrial Action †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Ballots and Protected Industrial Action. Answer: Introduction: Fair Work Australia inspects classes of workforces in smearing the BOOT. Fair Work Australia assumes that in the nonexistence of proof to the conflicting, a reward covered worker will be Better Off overall if their class of workforce will be better off overall in contrast to the pertinent recent reward. The better off overall test is an instance test that entails each honor secured representative and forthcoming honor secured worker to be in an ideal condition by and large at the test time. This examination is applied by the The Australian Fair Work Commission Commission while determining whether it should approve a projected enterprise contract test that Fair Work Commission utilizes for assessing listed agreements in contradiction of rewards. The listed agreement is compared to the pertinent award for the purpose of ensuring the worker is Better Off overall under the registered contract in order for it to be permitted. The aim of the report is to reveal the benefit of BOOT with significant study on BOOT and consider Coles, a super market company where BOOT is use. Scope of BOOT This assessment is centered on the pertinent modern reward which covers workers that will be covered by the projected project contract. It entails each reward-covered worker and every probable award-covered worker needs to be Better Off under the contract than they would if the pertinent modern reward useful to them. The BOOT lets reward condition (not National Employment Standards conditions) to be operated off or excluded providing the whole salary and/or benefits acknowledged by the worker leave them better-off than if the situations remained identical (James and Ombudsman 2015). The interest was maintained on two bases, one being that the Magistrate neglected to appropriately apply the BOOT. In resulting in these present circumstances choice, the Commissioner noticed that the Magistrate recognized arrangements of the Assention that were more helpful and arrangements that were less advantageous than the important honor. The Chief did not be that as it may, clarify how the less useful arrangements exceeded those that were more helpful in the Assention. The Full Seat expressed that Official was in blunder by adopting a line by line strategy to applying the BOOT as opposed to a worldwide approach (Ahmed, Ahmad and Joarder 2016). The Chief was additionally observed to be in mistake by choosing that the arrangements allowing conclusions from wages was an "insuperable obstruction to endorsement". Albeit unlawful terms must not be incorporated into big business understandings, the arrangement with respect to derivation from wages was not observed to be an unlawful term. The Full Seat found that subsequently of these two mistakes, the Understanding was not legitimately surveyed by the Magistrate and in this way the interest was maintained, the choice subdued and AKN's application for endorsement of the Consent to be re-listened. Enterprise Bargaining Agreement (EBA) It is a type of agreement that gets permitted by Fair Work Australia between an company and its staff. The EBA is obligatory on the parties to the accord for the time specific usually between two to four years. EBAs planned employment conditions for a specific group of workers. Such agreements take priority over any reward requirements, however have to meet the terms with the National Employment Standards (NES) needs to cause the workers being Better Off Overall than if they were being remunerated severely as per the Award (as knows as the BOOT test). Following are the negotiation and approval steps for of the EBA: Conducting the BOOT examination: for every worker, their employment environment as well as pay rates contained in the EBA should satisfy the Better Off Overall Test (BOOT) at the time of comparing with the Modern reward (Townsend, Wilkinson and Burgess 2013). Setting up the EBA to present it to the workers Offering official notice to workers to make them understand that the employer wants to initiate the bargaining procedure. The union should also need to be notified at the same time. The employer is supposed to organize and conduct bargaining meetings and making changes to EBA draft as per the requirement. The employer is supposed to organize for voting on EBA to make sure notice and other time-frames are complied. This approval entails agreement of the majority. The employer is supposed to lodge EBA along with the The Australian Fair Work Commission Commission (FWC) and reply to any requirements made by the FWC. PROS of BOOT For employers, the EBA can provide a considerably more straightforward structure to compensate its representatives when compared with the firm utilization of the important modern awards. In several working condition, there exists more than one admiration which applies to council, yet even when there exists no case of understanding as well as usage of present day admiration can be unpredictable as well as tedious for managers. An EBA is a rationalize this procedure through joining extra time, rates of punishment, remittances as well as other admiration qualifications into base rate that is payable for the representatives as designate by their level of arrangement under the honor. It additionally entails every single representative just give duplicate of EBA, and no requirement for individual contract of work. (Creighton et al. 2015). The transaction of an EBA provides the chance for tailoring the consent for particular requirements of business. This method likewise guarantees results in assention within the groups in the matter of what's in store from each other. There also exists insurance from modern activity in the middle of ostensible existence of EBA. For workers, there is a confirmation that the terms of the EBA setting them in a place which is Generally which is in an ideal situation" than if they were salaried wholly as indicated by the major contemporary award. Fair Work Australia will never confirm an EBA till the BOOT is fulfilled, which puts the representative in a higher position. The dealing procedure of an EBA additionally gives representatives the possibility to consolidate and to all things considered contract on the understanding conditions, every now and then with the help of union representation. It can be a great deal and much more useful procedure compared to an individual worker trying to figure out conditions directly with the organization. For companies, the key disadvantage is the time and charges need to arrange the EBA and for experiencing the approval procedure with Fair Work Australia. There is a firm process and duration which needs to be considered and any incapability to resemble these have the possibility to bring about EBA dismissal. BOOT for the company Coles Coles smeared to the Fair Work Commission in the middle of the year 2015 for the purpose of approving its proposed enterprise contract. The Projected Contract was supposed to swap a few prevailing contracts and would cover more than 7,700 workers that was working under its hood. Over 36,000 workers joined to vote and nearly 33,000 casted vote in favor of creation of the Contract. At initial instance, the Proposed Contract was permitted on the basis that Coles provided activities to point trepidations asked by the Commission on the BOOT (together with in relation to the casual filling and percentage pay amount for team members who were 17 and 18 years old). That specific verdict was enticed by a single worker and separately by the AMIEU in the month of April 2016. The subject to be resolute by the Commission Full Bench was whether the Contract passed the BOOT. Under the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth), a venture assention will pass the BOOT only if the Commission is totally fulfilled, at the time of the test, each of the Better Off workers, and each imminent Better Off representative, would be in a perfect situation if the understanding secured the worker than if the applicable modern award protected them. This test includes distinguishing terms in the understanding which are more useful for a worker, terms which are less advantageous for a representative, and a common appraisal of whether a worker would be in proper circumstances under the assention. Methodology adopted by the Full Bench to Coles' Projected Contract Coles' Anticipated Contract delivered for a much better per hour charge compared to the pertinent reward rate, but applied a lower price compensation for late afternoon, weekends as well as public holidays. By this way, the Full Bench witnessed the following: "The more hours that are worked during times when the Agreement rates are higher, the better off an worker will be"; "Conversely, the more hours worked when the Award rates are higher, the worse off the worker will be compared to the Award"; and consequently "If an worker works predominantly at nights or on weekends the higher base rate under the Agreement will be counterbalanced by lower penalties payable under the Agreement at these times." While evaluating whether workers would be improved off under the Projected Contract, the Full Bench well-thought-out the following: rosters and income examinations for workers taking a shot at genuine programs at two specific Coles' stores which the Full Seat said were "by and large illustrative of working conditions and rostering hones at most Coles stores" (taking note of that different lists would just should be considered if the Full Seat held that representatives working under these specific store lists all passed the BOOT); and seven representatives (who seemed, by all accounts, to be the most distraught on a wages premise as a result of the specific hours that they were rostered to work) for the reasons for a more comprehensive investigation (Roth et al. 2014) The Full Bench detained that the Planned Contract unsuccessful to pass the BOOT. It was discovered by the Commission that for certain workers (mostly part-time and casual ones) that work mainly from time to time that entices lower forfeit rates under the Projected Agreement when matched to the Reward: the loss in money related terms was possibly critical; and the different advantages in the Understanding, when contrasted with the Honor, did not compensate for this deficiency. In achieving this choice, the Full Seat made various discoveries, including that: based on an immediate wage correlation for the chose workers, the resultant effect of the Proposed Assention was a yearly misfortune for each of the chose representatives of amongst $142 and $3,506; while wage increments accessible under the Proposed Understanding were a pertinent thought, just restricted record ought to be taken of them in light of the fact that not all workers at test time would stay in work amid the whole time of the Proposed Assention; limited esteem could be ascribed to different advantages under the Proposed Understanding, for example, pre-endorsed leave courses of action, blood giver leave and guard benefit leave since they are not really gotten by all workers (counting since they are dependent upon a representative's decision); similarly, different advantages, for example, mischance cosmetics pay, carer's depart, humane leave, crisis administrations leave, cataclysmic event leave and excess pay are dependent upon the conditions that may happen and subsequently their take up is very probably not going to be all inclusive or uniform. The Full Bench stated that "it should not be assumed that all workers suffer a disadvantage or that disadvantages are limited to these [selected] examples", however it continued to state that "the evidence before the Commission focused, appropriately in our view, on those workers who were likely to be among those most adversely affected". Coles declined to deliver additional activities which the Full Bench supposed could remedy the deficits documented in passing the BOOT and as an alternative, has been subject to important industrial burden since the Full Bench verdict in the form of trade action and applications to dismiss the prevailing enterprise contract of 2011. What did employers learnt For several companies, the time and price linked with discussing about a new enterprise contract can be substantial. This case consequently highlights the significance of safeguarding that relations you've exchanged result in each worker and not just the majority of workers being Better Off overall than under the appropriate reward. The decision makes it clear that the method sometimes taken by workers as well as unions of providing aids to the most of the workers to the loss of specific smaller workers groups may result in a contract deteriorating to permit the BOOT. Recommendation of BOOT The Australian Fair Work Commission (FWC) has terminated a request by HM for the purpose of supporting their 2016 enterprise contract on the foundation that it did not accomplish the Better Off Overall Test. The verdict, managed by FWC deputy president Geoffrey Bull conveyed the conclusion to a protracted argument about the assention amongst HM and the Shop, Distributive and United Representatives' Affiliation (SDA) and in addition Josh Cullinan, who directs the unregistered Retail and Fast Food Laborers Union (RAFFWU). As indicated by the application of endorsement, an examination total of fifty arbitrarily selected unconcerned programs by the SDA revealed that only two out of fifty employees were more regrettable off contrasted with the award under the assertion. The crucial cases made by the SDA acknowledged with the lack of an extra time provison in the assertion and the capability of HM to train employees on every Sundays; however the award provides that an excessive of three Sundays in four might be roistered. Additionally, the SDA showed further reservations related to underprovided recess periods, and working hours being here at the midpoint for guaranteeing that council were not making a request for the purpose of taking a shot on working days nighttimes and holidays. Cullinan was pleased while stating that that the forfeit loss rates on workdays nights and Saturdays and a lesser forfeit amount on Sunday leaves several workers worse off than the reward. As per Cullinan, any non-casual worker who is working over 60 percent of their working hours after 6pm on any weekday or Saturday needs to be off than the reward under the contract. Therefore, HM offered that the assention left waged representatives generally better-off in view of the fact that it indebted them to undertake slightest compensations for all hours worked met the reward and included additional benefits, e.g. comparatively longer recess breaks, parental leave, volunteer leave and expanded notice period to name a few. HM likewise said that their own interior inquiry showed that the most notable weekly rate of hours worked by a representative was 51.9 for every penny. National secretary of SDA, Gerard Dwyer said that his interest for restoring arrangements with HM in the basis of another perceptive. "The SDA now looks for the chance to arrange a concurrence with HM that contains reasonable pay and working conditions and consents to the states of the FWC's BOOT test," he said. The head of Australian Retailers Affiliation, Russell Zimmerman have no interest to comment on individual cases, but rather exposed to Inside Retail that situations are reaching to a certain point where Australian retailers are assuming that it is becoming very difficult to contend with their allies established in the U.S. and U.K. Zimmerman showed that the types in government business enterprise dealing report discharged in the Q1 of 2016 revealed that in 2013, there were 1,248 business enterprise dealings compared to with only 263 in 2016. Reference List Townsend, K., Wilkinson, A. and Burgess, J., 2013. Is enterprise bargaining still a better way of working?.Journal of Industrial Relations,55(1), pp.100-117. James, N. and Ombudsman, F.W., 2015. Commonwealth of Australia. Creighton, B., Denvir, C., Johnstone, R., and McCrystal, S., 2016. Protected Action Ballots and Protected Industrial Action Under the Fair Work Act: The Impact of Ballot Procedures on Enterprise Bargaining ProcessesMethodological Approach. Ahmed, S., Ahmad, F.B. and Joarder, M.H.R., 2016. HRM Practices-Engagement-Performance Relationships: A Conceptual Framework for RMG Sector in Developing Economy.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,7(4), p.87. Roth, M., Buishand, T.A., Jongbloed, G., Tank, A.K. and Van Zanten, J.H., 2014. Projections of precipitation extremes based on a regional, non-stationary peaks-over-threshold approach: A case study for the Netherlands and north-western Germany.Weather and Climate Extremes,4, pp.1-10.

The Point

The Point-Counterpoint of Jan Steen Essay During the 17th century, Dutch genre painting flourished, appealing to middle class patrons by depicting everyday life with charm and often a moral. Jan Steen was among the most successful genre painters, weaving witty commentary into his pictures of merriment. Rhetoricians at a Window, c. 1661-1666 (oil on canvas, 29 7/8 x 23 1/16 inches) serves as an exemplar, depicting a naturalistic scene combined with layers of meaning. Even the title may be read on many levels. Just as a rhetorician may refer to an eloquent speaker, so, too, may it allude to a pompous or bombastic person. Rhetorician also conjures up the notion of rhetoric, or the act of making a persuasive argument based on a point and counterpoint structure. This painting cleverly provides several layers of point-counterpoint arguments revealed through visual analysis, careful reading of physiognomy of the figures, and assessing the composition as a whole, including how it engages the viewer. Visually, Steen presents a naturalistic scene set in a tavern or inn, believable in its details. Four prominent figures are easily readable, not cartoonish or types, but portrayed with individualistic features. We will write a custom essay on The Point-Counterpoint of Jan Steen specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Two more shadowy figures emerge from the background. The four figures up front are framed in a window that fills the upper 2/3 of the painting, pushed forward in shallow space to the picture plane. The location is identifiable as a public place where drink is served by the prominent, diamond-shaped sign, nailed to the window frame just off center, hanging in the lower third of the painting. The sign features crossed swords, common symbols for power, protection, justice, courage, and strength. Here, the crossed swords also serve as an apt emblem for the crossed arguments of the point and counterpoint of rhetoric. Across the top of the painting is a swag of grapevine, with a bunch of grapes just right of center and another bunch on the far left, as the vine tumbles down the left window frame. The lively swoop of the grapevine softens the strong geometry of the rest of the composition. The window dominates the frame and is comprised of a central cross inside its rectangular shape, suggesting the possibility of a moral at the center of this story. The cross also implies a crossroad, choices to be made when a point and counterpoint intersect. Both the top of the window’s rectangle and the bottom of the sign’s diamond are cropped out of the picture, creating an immediacy and aliveness of a zoomed-in vantage point. The diamond of the sign is mirrored in diamond-shaped leaded glass in the top two quadrants of the cross. Close examination reveals that two of the panes are broken, perhaps by revelers inside. The brick structure of the building adds more geometry with stabilizing verticals and dominant horizontals, which buttress the horizontal window ledge. The colors are earthy and muted, reflecting the earthy scene. The red velvety cap of a figure just right of center immediately attracts attention, but the rest of the palette is marked by shades of brown, golden yellow, and soft green. The bricks appear textural, accomplished through illusionistic shadow in the mortar to suggest depth, and laying down smooth layers of multiple color, with oranges and greens highlighting the tans and browns, as if the architecture were alive and organic, changing colors over time. The sign’s diamond frame is matted in deep brown, mustard yellow and rust, indicating a place of lusty, earthy pursuits. The day is warm enough for the shutters to be open, revealing the scene, yet the hint of color on the grapevine and a bare branch to the right suggest the transformations of autumn. As the leaves turn colors and fall, Steen hints at the passage of seasons, time, and life. Steen’s attention to detail is not overworked and suits the scene. Paint is laid smoothly, and up close, individual strokes are apparent. But only the faces of the figures are detailed. .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7 , .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7 .postImageUrl , .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7 , .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7:hover , .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7:visited , .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7:active { border:0!important; } .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7:active , .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7 .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7e265f73193b452347380a8d67f19ae7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mask Sorry by Natalia Nesterova EssayWhile the hands of the up front figures hint at tendons and veins without being meticulous, the hands of the figures behind are crudely drawn, suggesting their crude activities. Long brushstrokes create the simple clothing of the figures. Their plainness suggests the men are middle or laborer class. Just as Steen carefully chooses what to depict with detail, so, too, does he use frames within frames as a deliberate device. In addition to filling the picture frame with a close up of the scene, Steen also creates another frame with the window, where the figures congregate. Each quadrant of the window creates frames, with the two lower quadrants filled by the men. Three figures break the window frame illusionistically. One on the left leans out the window, with his elbow over the ledge, while another on the right rests his head on his hand, elbow perched on the window frame. A standing figure on the right, grasps the central frame, joining the two quadrants with a v-shaped arm. Separating the figures by the construction of the crossed window frame suggests that they represent different points and counterpoints. Each figure has a narrative, with a distinctive face and gestures full of information. The man on the left leaning out the window, with a pince-nez perched on his bulbous nose, forehead highlighted by an unseen, somewhat ambiguous light source, holds a sheet with writing just discernible. It may read â€Å"List,† and with his heart shaped mouth open and smiling, he acts as a rhetorician reading the paper’s list. His merriment suggests he is not the author of the article, or if he is, he satirizes another’s words. In his cotton shirtsleeves and leather vest, with a starched collar (though not the elegant gathered ruff), this man appears the most affluent of those gathered. His mirthful, or perhaps sarcastic, reading of the tract commands attention. The man behind him, mouth open, perhaps also speaking, seems both serious and willing to follow the orator. In the rear is a man, head tipped all the way back, downing a drink with no refinement or subtlety, light just catching the rim of the glass. In the right hand quadrant, the narratives become more subtle. In front, the figure leaning on his hand, grasps an enormous tankard, brightly lit from the left, with his other. His large nose is also highlighted, as if projecting the effect of the former on the latter. The look on his face suggests that even though he is listening to the reading, he is bored, as if he has heard it all before, and feels condescension for the speaker whom he considers a blowhard. The drink in the tankard will see him through. The pipe, an unused source of pleasure tucked in his jaunty hat brim, points with its bowl in a strong diagonal away from the scene, where for him, life may be more amusing. In contrast to his airs, the seam of his jacket sleeve has split. Just behind him is the standing figure whose ruddy complexion also suggests familiarity with drink. His red, velveteen turban, with its wispy feather, appears flamboyant enough to suggest the artist himself and similar to one used in his self-portrait. The headgear may be tipped with metal bells, so that Steen cleverly positions himself as the wise Shakespearean fool. This figure is the only one who acknowledges the viewer, and his red cap makes him hard to ignore. His direct gaze marked by a white daub of paint creating a twinkle, along with his sly grin and upraised finger pointing vaguely toward the viewer, all seem to say, â€Å"see, I told you. This directness brings the viewer into the scene as an invited guest of the artist and into the argument about its meaning. The figure seems to raise the question of who is the fool here? He may dress the part, but he instructs the viewer to consider the folly of the orator who seems so confident in his mirth. The title refers to Rhetoricians, plural, so that not only is the speaker a rhetorician, but so too is the standing figure, who argues a point of view. With the direct gaze of the figure and the head on vantage point of the scene, the viewer is perhaps placed in a window across the alley. .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1 , .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1 .postImageUrl , .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1 , .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1:hover , .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1:visited , .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1:active { border:0!important; } .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1:active , .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1 .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udfb5cf6a5236a680b5a01d03ac8849e1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comparing "Arts of the Contact Zone" EssayThe speaker is reading the tract for the viewer’s edification. The viewer makes a choice-to stay separate or become another rhetorician at a window. Since the viewer stands on the same side with the light source, Steen suggests that the viewer has the knowledge and common sense to make a good choice. The viewer is also given the choice about who to believe-the figures on the left or the figures to the right. Steen argues his own position. The standing figure breaks the boundary between the two quadrants, but stands firmly on the right. The sign and the bunch of grapes in the vine just above are both off center, favoring the right. The heads of the figures on the left form an arrow pointing toward the right, while the figures on the right make an upright â€Å"v† with the inclusion of a ghostly specter of a figure behind. These visual cues invite the viewer to take a position, to follow the lead of the standing, all-knowing fool. The painting then sets up a tension of right and left, wise and foolish, knowing and ignorant, insightful and oblivious. This duality coincides with the rhetoric of persuasive argument, point and counterpoint. The crossed swords of the sign are presented as a challenge of the counterpoint to the point, while also advocating that the viewer be courageous and take a stand. Steen wittily argues that each person makes choices about how to face life’s challenges-to drink oneself into oblivion, to mock life, to follow without thought, to be bored and judgmental, or to laugh at the folly of mankind. On the one hand, the left quadrant argues for merry making with drink and ideas. No idea is so important it cannot be laughed at and questioned. On the other side, the right presents doubters, naysayers, and those who laugh at it all. The vertical that divides the two poles of argument seems unyielding, yet the clever man can reach around and grab the best of both, uniting the laughter. The grapevine seconds the fool’s implication that life is full of the folly of man. The vine’s subtly highlighted leaves transition from the green of summer, color fading before the viewer’s eyes, into the golden tones of autumn. The grapevine’s message is that the party is coming to its seasonal end, just as folly in the moment will also pass as the seasons’ turn. It sweeps across the picture and down, transcending and unifying any artificial boundaries, creating a curtain that reveals the stage set of the scene. The viewer is reminded that the frame, that is the painting, and its visual elements are theatrical and artificial. Steen again seems to reference Shakespeare with â€Å"all the world’s a stage,† and as life passes by, enjoy the moments full of frivolity and foolishness. Steen as rhetorician argues that the party of life will come to an end. In the meantime, the unifying grapevine tops it all, reminding the viewer to make merry, a message that no doubt appealed to middle class art patrons. The viewer can make sense of what is shown, assess the moral implications, and take a stand. Like the fool, the viewer can embrace both sides of life, with all its contradictions. Living a moral life does not preclude having pleasures. Steen points to the viewer and encourages living a good life, but full of joy in the moment. Laugh, and become a rhetorician looking out the window on life.

Christmas Quotes From the Bible

Christmas Quotes From the Bible From a religious perspective, Christmas is the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ in Bethlehem. Quotes from the Bible are staples at many holiday plays and pageants as young children are taught the story of baby Jesus. Bethlehem. Quotes from the Bible are staples at many holiday plays and pageants as young children are taught the story of baby Jesus. Biblical Christmas Quotes   Matthew 1:18-21This is how the birth of Jesus the Messiah came about: His mother Mary was pledged to be married to Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be pregnant through the Holy Spirit. Because Joseph, her husband, was faithful to the law and yet  did not want to expose her to public disgrace, he had in mind to divorce her quietly. But after he had considered this, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said, Joseph son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary home as your wife, because what is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. She will give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus  because he will save his people from their sins. Luke 2:4-7Joseph went up from the town of Nazareth in Galilee to Judea, to Bethlehem the town of David because he belonged to the house and line of David. He went there to register with Mary, who was pledged to be married to him and was expecting a child. While they were there, the time came for the baby to be born, and she gave birth to her firstborn, a son. She wrapped him in cloths and placed him in a manger  because there was no guest room available for them. Luke 1:35And the angel answered her, The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore the child to be born will be called holy- the Son of God. Isaiah 7:14Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign: The virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and will call him Immanuel. Isaiah 9:6For to us a child is born, to us a son is given, and the government will be on his shoulders. And he will be called Wonderful Counsellor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace. Micah 5:2But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, though you are small among the clans of Judah, out of you will come for me one who will be ruler over Israel, whose origins are from of old, from ancient times. Matthew 2:2-3The Magi from the east came to Jerusalem and asked, Where is the one who has been born king of the Jews? We saw his star in the east and have come to worship him. When King Herod heard this he was disturbed, and all Jerusalem with him. Luke 2:13-14And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God and saying, Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace among those with whom he is pleased!

Korean Histiory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Korean Histiory - Essay Example This attack followed an earlier attack, assumed to have been instigated by North Korea, which resulted in the sinking of a South Korean naval ship and caused the death of over 40 crew members. However, as the sirens rang, children’s laughter could be heard in the streets which created a surreal sensation of contradiction in this divided nation. It left many bystanders, both Korean and foreign, questioning the validity of the drill; throughout 2010, people in South Korea have been debating over the possibility of an outbreak of war but, even in these debates, citizens are divided over important issues that are central to the historical and current situation faced by North and South Korea.1 Park Chan-wook’s 2000 movie, Joint Security Area, masterfully captures the endless contradictions imbedded within this ideological crisis, and the audience watches as these contradictions simultaneously destroy the characters while providing a glimpse into the possibility of a reunific ation between the North and the South. Korea has been characterized as a land of contradictions. This is poignantly depicted in JSA, in which nothing is as it seems; although North Korea has consistently been portrayed as monstrous in its military ambitions and nationalistic intentions, the movie depicts a very different interpretation of North Koreans. The portrayal of the JSA is pivotal to this alternative depiction of the North because it serves as a site where a crack in the ideological divide can be initiated. At first, the two opposing sides of the JSA are defined in stark contrast to the other, with the North Korean side being highly monitored and regimented, and the South Korean side being used as a site of voyeuristic tourism – the visual manifestation of communism versus democracy. However, as night falls, the ideological gap between North and South, which seems

DP CH 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

DP CH 1 - Essay Example Type-2 diabetes accounts for more than 90% of diabetes cases and has been increasing primarily because of the rise in the obesity, heart complications, and kidney failure (County of Los Angeles Public Health (2008). At the same time; age, gender, ethnicity, and life style patterns also affect the level of diabetes in Asians, Whites, and Africans (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). The numbers of diabetics in the United States have been increasing in last few years and obesity is considered as the main reason behind it. However, race and gender has also been assumed as the main factors in determining the impact and influence of diabetes in many people (Chowdhary, et al, 2003). Diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death and ninth leading cause of premature death in Los Angeles County suggesting that the impact and influence of diabetes is quite high on the lives of people living in Los Angeles County (Wulffson, 2011). It was further found that the prevalence of diabete s in quite high in Black and South Asian people suggesting that race and ethnicity play an important role in determining and ascertaining the level of diabetes. It was further found that Black and South Asians are more inclined to develop diabetes mainly because of their lifestyle and obesity issues that is more inclined to eating oily and unhealthy food. Diabetes is a life threatening health complication that can affect the well being of people in a considerable manner (Wulffson, 2011). It was found that adult diabetes rate has increased from 6.6% in 1997 to 9.1% in 2007 affecting more than 65000 adults in Los Angeles County and can be considered as an alarming situation (County of Los Angeles Public Health (2008). As per the report published by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012); it was found that out of the 25.6 million adults with diabetes in the United States, 12.6 million were women in the year 2010. This clearly shows that the number of women suffering from diabetes in the United States is quite high. It was also found that Black and South Asian women are more likely to develop diabetes compared to European and White women. The risk of heart disease in women was found to be more serious compared to men highlighting the risks women are exposed to in terms of diabetes in the United States (Das, 2002). Women with diabetes are more likely to develop heart and obesity issues that can further affect their life expectancy in a negative manner. As stated before, gender, race, and ethnicity play an important role in determining the level of diabetes and the danger of diabetes is quite high in Hispanic, Africans, Asians, and American Indians. It is often believed that family history also determines the level of diabetes and, people with poor genes and complicated medical history are supposed to develop diabetes either at an early or later age (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). The complication of diabetes can be in the form of he art issues, obesity, poor health, weak eye sight, and uneasiness. All these health complications can lead to long term health complications that may result in sudden death or failure of multiple body organs (Eyler, 1998). People suffering from diabetes need to be more focused on accepting a healthy lifestyle rather living an erratic lifestyle that can affect the overall well being in a negative manner. Diabetes cannot be cured permanently, it can only be managed and controlled and

Contributing Factors to Nurse Burnout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Contributing Factors to Nurse Burnout - Essay Example Nurses play a crucial role for the patients in hospitals. For that, they should be well motivated and avoid anything that can distract their attention and driving force for work resulting in burnout. The work associated factors involve nurses being overworked, especially in the case of those working in the emergency section. Most of them have no control over their job and they frequently find themselves working for long hours and at times they are forced to forego sleep. Their timetable is not regular and one cannot plan for another task after finishing his/her session.Some encounter complicated and new challenges that require them to improve their skills continuously especially on machines and technology. Their tasks are done in a specific place like within a hospital ward that can become monotonous. Additionally, clinicians are the ones normally recognized for successful treatment and not the nurse who manages the patient. The people related to the patient can sometimes expect too much from the nurse to save the life of the patient. In the case of misfortune, these can affect the nurses and mostly to perfectionists who are reluctant to delegate duties or ask for support.The human mind is created in such a way that it requires rest after work. This makes people take a rest and join their social groups away from their work environment.This can be limited by professions like nursing. Nurses should be involved in decision-making and their grievances taken critically.

Love and Hate Expressed by Characters in William Shakespeares Othello

Love and Hate Expressed by Characters in William Shakespeare's Othello In the play Othello, by William Shakespeare, different characters contribute to the development of particular themes. Three strong themes portrayed by the characters are of; misplaced trust, love vs. Hate and jealousy, and shattered innocence. The first theme of misplaced trust is clearly evident in most of all the characters that are manipulated by the depraved Iago. Roderigo is the first character to be entangled in his web of deception, whom I will focus on. Iago essentially uses Roderigo as a source of financial gain and a tool in extracting his revenge on the other characters. In Act I, Iago has him awaken Brabantio in order to spoil Othello's secret honeymoon with his daughter; "Call up her father. Rouse him, make after him, poison his delight."(1.1.69-70) Iago financially abuses Roderigo as well, consoling him constantly to "put money in thy purse," (1.3.335) therefore supporting Iago's expenditures, which are supposedly winning Desdemona's love for him. Only later in the play does Rod...

Malnutrition in India Essay

Introduction :- Malnutrition is found to be a leading killer through out the world, with under nutrition in the developing world the main nutrition problem. The World Bank Estimate that India is ranked 2nd in the world of the number of children suffering from malnutrition after Bangladesh (1998), where 47% of the Children exhibit a degree of malnutrition. India is one of the fastest growing country in terms of population and economic growth rate , sitting at a population of near about 1200 million (December 2010) and economy growing by 9% GDP growth rate from 2007-2008. Since independence Indian economy considered as low income country with majority of population at or below the poverty line which is lead to problems of malnutrition, hunger etc. the combination of people leaving in poverty and the recent economic growth of India (as well as Maharashtra)has led to the co-emergence of two type of malnutrition: 1) Undernutrition 2) Overnutrition. The National Family Healthy survey 2005-2006 shows that, while Maharashtra is one of the most developed State among the country, It has also problem of Malnutrition exists, but nutrition situation in Maharashtra is slightly better than the national average. National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) study quoted that more than 40 lakh children were affected with grade 2 to 4 malnutrition in Maharashtra. This indicate the seriousness of the problem of malnutrition. Definition of the Term Malnutrition Malnutrition carries different connotations to different people. To some, malnutrition means undernourishment, while to others it means starvation. Some confuse malnutrition with hunger while others consider malnutrition as undernutrition. The writer would like to define the term malnutrition in the following pages and differentiate it from the other similar terms. Malnutrition The word malnutrition might best be reserved to indicate the state of ill-health of a population or of any group of people in so far as that condition is caused either by malnourishment or undernourishment. It is thus, to an extent, a medical term or a term for public health purposes. The students of public health are showing a tendency to use that term in such a sense more consistently. The existence of malnutrition is revealed in various morbid conditions and it is measurable in terms of indices which are medical, anthropological, or biostatistical (such as height, weight, and special diseases, etc. ) Malnutrition is the condition that develops when the body does not get right amount of Vitamins, Minerals and other nutrition’s (Proteins) is needs to maintains healthy tissues and organ function.† Malnutrition occurs in people who are either undernourished or over nourished. Undernutrition is a consequence of consuming too few essential nutrients or excreting them more rapidly than they can be replaced. Infants, teenagers, young children, pregnant and breastfeeding women require additional nutrients. Overnutrition results from eating too much; eating too many of the wrong things, not exercising enough or taking too many vitamins or other dietary replacement Malnourishment Refers to an actual condition of diets in which not the quantity, but the quality of the food stuff is also involved. According to the present knowledge, a diet must supply some 30 or more nutrients in order to provide the proteins of high quality, as well as energy yielding food. A population is malnourished, even if it is able to use and is in the habit of using a quantity of energy yielding food stuffs, but if the people are either unable or unaccustomed to maintain a balanced diet including all the proper nutritive elements in correct proportion, is still suffering from malnourishment Undernourishment â€Å"Expresses a dietary condition largely among the working people in which there is an actual insufficiency both in quantity and in quality of nutritive elements needed for health and well-being.†- Objectives of the study: We have attempted to discuss the crucial issue child malnutrition in Maharashtra State. Therefore we look at the following objectives regarding malnutrition study in the state. 1. To discuss the status of child malnutrition in the state. 2. To find out the major causes of malnutrition. 3. To find out the effects / incidence of malnutrition problem. 4. To address the way to eradicate the malnutrition problems. Methodology: In this research paper we mostly used the secondary kind of data for analysis the issue. Researchers used macro-analysis method for analyze the malnutrition in the country as well as Maharashtra State. Types of Malnutrition: Each form of malnutrition depends on what nutrients are missing in the diet, for how long and what age. A) Proteins Energy Malnutrition (PEM): This is the most basic kind of malnutrition, results from a diet lacking in energy and Protein because of a deficit in all major macro nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and Proteins. B) Micronutrients deficiencies: Micronutrients deficiencies are also a widespread problem in India. More than 75% of preschool children suffer from iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and 57%  preschool children have subclinical vitamin A deficiency (VAD). Iodine deficiency is endemic in 85% districts (In India) mostly due to the lack of iodized salt. The prevalence of deferent micro nutrients deficiency varies widely across states. Degrees of Malnutrition: Classification of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is done by Gomez. Degree of PEM % of desired body weight for age and sex. 1. Mild Malnutrition (Grade I ) 90% -100% 2. Moderate Malnutrition (Grade II) 75% – 89% 3. Severe Malnutrition (Grade III) < 60% Status of Malnutrition in Maharashtra :- As far as Maharashtra State is concern, deaths regarding to the malnutrition seems high in tribal dominated districts e.g. Gadchiroli, Amravati, Yewatmal, Chandrapur, Bhandara and Melghat etc. Dr. Abhay Bang committee (2004) reported that between 1.20 lakh and 1.75 lakh children diet every year in the state for medical reasons. The report blamed an Insensitive bureaucracy for the plight of nearly 8 lakh children whose lives were threatened by grade 3 or 4 malnutrition. According to the report during 1988 to 2002 the percentage of affected by grade 3 or 4 malnutrition had fallen by mere 0.6% only which is found little improvements. According to National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) study quoted that more than 40lakh children were affected with grade 2 to 4 malnutrition  in Maharashtra. It estimated that 82000 children died every Year in rural area’s of the state 23, 500 in the tribal area’s and 56000 in urban slums. According to the government statistics in the entire Maharashtra state child death were estimated 45,000 (during July 2004 to June 2005) due to the malnutrition out of these 12,000 fall prey to severe malnutrition and the remaining 33,000 children died due to the mild or moderate malnutrition. The malnutrition is also the underlying cause in about 480 of the 2850 maternal deaths each year in the state. Child Death And Action Group (CDSAG) study found that 10.4% child death are recorded on an account of malnutrition in the state. Tribal Dominated Districts of Amravati, Yewatmal, Gadchiroli, Chandrapur and Bhandara in Vidarbh region as well as Melghat in North Maharashtra region were affected worsely by malnutrition problem. Ø Almost 38% of children under age three are stunted (India – 38.4%) Ø Almost 40% are underweight (India – 45.9%) Ø There is a strong correlation between child malnutrition and the level of maternal education. Ø There are significance differences between rural and urban area’s, where the rural area’s being more affected by malnutrition. Ø The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Maharashtra is higher than the national average for both male and female. Causes of Malnutrition: 1. The economist Amartya Sen observed that poverty is major cause of malnutrition and famine has always a problem of poverty and unbalanced distribution of food. 2. Hike in food prices or food inflation. 3. Insufficient food production (availability) 4. Changes in climate threaten the food security. 5. People with drug or alcohol dependencies are also at increased risk of malnutrition. Effect of Malnutrition: Malnutrition including both protein energy malnutrition and micro nutrient deficiencies not only affect physical appearance and energy level, but also directly affects many aspects of the children mental functions, growth and development. Ø According to the Jean Ziegler UN special report on the right to food (for 2000 to March 2008), mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58% of the total mortality in 2006. One in twelve people world wide is malnourished. Ø WHO, also indicate that malnutrition is the biggest contributor to child mortality. Ø Malnourished children grow up with worse health and lower educational achievements. Their own children also tend to be smaller. Ø Malnutrition increases the risk of infection and infectious disease. Ø Malnutrition affects adversely physically as well as psychologically. Malnutrition in the form of ioden deficiency is most common preventable cause of mental impairment worldwide. Ø Ioden deficiency specially in pregnant women and infants, lowered intelligence by 10 to 15 I.Q. points. Ø Malnutrition can also be a consequence of other health issues such as  diarrheal disease or chronic illness specially disease of intestinal tract, Kidney’s and liver. Programs to address eradicate the Malnutrition The government of India has launched several programs to converge the growing malnutrition problems in the country. They include ICDS, NCF, National health mission. 1. Integrate child development scheme (ICDS):- Indian government has starter this ICDS program in the year 1975 for improving the health of mothers and children development program is on of largest in the world. It reaches more than 34 million children aged 0-6 years and 7 million pregnant and getting mothers. 2. National Children Fund (NCF):- This Fund was created during the international year of the child in 1979. This Fund provides support to the voluntary organizations that help the welfare of children. 3. United Nations Children Fund (UNCF):- UNISEF has been supporting India from last six decade in a number of sectors like child development, women development support for community based converged services health, education, nutrition, water and sanitation, childhood disability, children in especially difficult circumstances. National Rural Health Mission: This mission was created for the years 2005-2012 and its goal is to â€Å"Improve the availability of and access to quality health care by people, especially for those residing in rural area, the poor women and children.† 1. Objective of the mission are:- Ø Reduce Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). Ø Provide access to integrated compressive primary health care. Ø Revitalize local health tradition and mainstream AYUSH. (This mission has set up strategies and action plan to meet all of its goals.) 2. The best wa y to prevent the condition is to eat a healthy balanced diet that contains food from all the major groups like carbohydrates, fruits and vegetable, Protein, dairy and fats. 3. As well as eating healthy, you should aim to drink at least 1.2 liters of fluid a day. 45,000 die of malnutrition every year in MaharashtraDespite being among the wealthiest states in the country, almost half Maharashtra’s children are undernourished and one-third of adults are underweight, says a recent report by the NGO SATHI. Forty-five-thousand children die of malnutrition every year in the state, according to ‘A report on nutritional crisis in Maharashtra’ by the Pune-based SATHI (Support for Advocacy and Training to Health Initiatives). One-third of adults are underweight, and 15% severely underweight.The two major schemes for children meant to prevent such deaths are the midday meal scheme and the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS). But the state government spends just 0.8% of its gross domestic product on these schemes, the report states. More children die of mild or moderate malnutrition (33,000) than of severe malnutrition (12,000). Malnutrition is also the underlying cause of death of 480 of the 2,850 malnutrition deaths in the st ate every year. â€Å"A large number of people in Maharashtra do not get enough to eat and are suffering from serious nutritional deficiencies,† said the coordinator of SATHI, Abhay Shukla, at a press conference to release the report on February 3, 2010. The report takes into account the findings of the National Family Health Survey-3 and the National Sample Survey. The report points out that chronic hunger is not confined to rural areas, as is popularly believed; urban populations in coastal regions, including the city of Mumbai, have the highest prevalence of calorie deficiency (43%) in the state. Calculations made using the per-consumer-unit-calories norm of 2,400 in rural areas and 2,100 in urban areas reveals that the incidence of calories-based poverty is 54% in rural areas and 39.5% in urban areas. The report is critical of government  schemes like the ICDS. Grade 3 and 4 malnutrition is grossly underreported under the scheme as workers lack the skills and equipment to accurately weigh and classify children. Severe malnutrition is often underreported as it points to a failure of the programme. The midday meal scheme too has been underperforming, according to the report. Only 12% of schools surveyed provided midday meals, and many gave only one component of the meal. Moreover, not a single school provided the stipulated 300 calories and 8-12 grams of protein. India’s performance on the nutrition front is poor overall. According to the National Family Health Survey-3 (up to 2005-06), almost half of children under 5 years of age (48%) are stunted, that is, too short for their age, an indicator of chronic malnutrition; 43% are underweight. The proportion of severely undernourished children is also notable — 24% are severely stunted and 16% are severely underweight. The 2009 annual budget earmarked just 4.15% for children when the population under 18 years of age is 447 million. Maharashtra’s poor performance on the health front comes despite it being one of the high GDP states. Though the country as a whole has seen GDP grow by 3.95% per year, between 1980 and 2005, the percentage of underweight children under 3 went down by just 6% , from 52% to 46% between 1992 and 2005. For every 3-4% increase in per capita income, the underweight rate should decline by 1%. This has not happened in India, pointing to the need for more inclusive growth and better delivery and distribution of schemes targeted at malnutrition. Malnutrition among Maharashtra’s tribalsMore than 98 children died in three months of 2005, in Akkalkuwa block of Nandurbar district. Of these, 71 children were found to be severely malnourished.A survey by the Punarvasan Sangharsh Samiti revealed that the government is unaware of the scale of malnutrition in the area. Only 10% of malnourished children figure in the government records. The survey also showed that not only were the children malnourished, their mothers were too. The weight of adult mothers ranged between 40-45 kg.Girls constituted around half the total number of malnourished children, indicating the precarious condition of these ‘future mothers’. The survey also revealed that although generations of malnourished children are born in this region, the government still does not look beyond the singular health aspect of the problem, on the basis of which mitigation measures are designed. Unless the issue of malnutrition is addressed comprehensively, the  tribal community in this part of the country is headed for extinction.These and other startling revelations form part of a report brought out by the Punarvasan Sangharsh Samiti, which has been actively mobilising the tribal population of Nandurbar district for the last decade. The report, titled ‘Maranatach He Jag Jagate’, is based on the survey which was carried out in 22 villages. And information obtained through the Right to Information Act.The tribals of Nandurbar are engaged in a continuous struggle for existence. Malnutrition and child mortality is part of their everyday lives, even as issues related to rights over natural resources and means of livelihood ga in greater urgency with each passing year.Attempts to remedy malnutrition and child mortality by singling it out will not deliver the desired results. ‘Maranatach He Jag Jagate’ attempts to take stock of the situation and get at the root of the problem. The report analyses the situation on the ground and suggests ways to tackle the problem head-on. Obviously there is the need for firm action by the government and the active involvement of society at large.Some basic facts about the survey: * The survey was undertaken in 22 villages of Akkalkuwa block, Nandurbar district. The weights of mothers in seven villages and two rehabilitation and resettlement sites of the Sardar Sarovar Project were recorded. The facts that emerged from the survey were shocking. In April, May and June 2005, 98 children died in Akkalkuwa block alone and of these 71 children were malnourished. Of the malnourished children, 45 were found to be in the second stage of malnutrition. Meanwhile, the government refuses to accept that the children died from malnutrition. * Punarvasan Sangharsh Samiti recorded the weights of children in 22 villages and co mpared this data with that of the government. The comparison showed that the government has only 10% of the facts related to malnutrition. In effect, it is unaware of 90% of malnutrition cases. According to the survey, the number of third-grade malnutrition among children in April was 127, in May 135 and in June 104; the government records showed only 14, 42 and 17 children as malnourished in this grade respectively. The survey figures for fourth-grade malnutrition, during these months, were 61, 50 and 35; the government figures were 6, 6 and 3 respectively. (The figures quoted here were obtained from the government under the Right to Information Act). * Of the 22 villages in the survey, six have been declared ‘hyper-sensitive’ by the government. The  survey showed that the combined number of third and fourth-grade malnutrition among children in April, May and June stood at 100, 104 and 72; the government records showed only six children were malnourished. * Of the total number of malnourished children, half were girls. This raises a serious question about the next generation. * With this question in mind, the Punarvasan Sangharsh Samiti conducted a survey in six villages and two rehabilitation and resettlement sites in which the weights of fully-grown mothers were assessed. The survey showed that the weights ranged between 40-45 kg. This emphasises the need for a comprehensive study of the ages of young mothers, stage of motherhood and its link with malnutrition. It also suggests that the process of malnutrition begins in the womb itself. * The root of the problem is lack of livelihoods. Measures in the areas of health, education, employment and supply do not create sustainable livelihood sources and therefore cannot, in themselves, be decisive remedies to the problem of malnutrition. Let’s take a closer look at the villages covered in the survey.The 22 villages are spread out in the plains as well as in hilly regions of the Satpudas. Of the villages, Khai, Andharbari, Ohwa, Kaulavimal, Toknapimpri, Maliamba, Kondvapada, Thana and Beti have been de clared ‘hyper-sensitive’ villages under the Navsanjivani Scheme, which is touted as the answer to the malnutrition problem. Of the 22 villages, seven villages — Khai, Andharbari, Ohwa, Kaulavimal, Miryabari, Valamba and Pimpalgaon — do not have a yearlong motorable road and are therefore inaccessible. After a point one has to walk to get to the village. Four villages — Thanavihir, Guliamba, Amali and Pimpalgaon — are within a periphery of 12 km from the block headquarters of Akkalkuwa, but they are connected to a remote primary health centre (PHC) in Dab, situated deep in the third range of the Satpudas. One has to pay Rs 15 to get to the PHC by jeep; to reach Akkalkuwa one has to pay Rs 5.Other examples are Ambabri, Andharbari, Bharadipadar and Khai. These villages are connected to the Moramba PHC. To reach Moramba by car one has to travel via Khapar, covering a distance of 17-18 km. Although there is a primary health centre in Khapar, villagers from these four villages have to bypass it and go on to Moramba. The other option to get to Moramba directly is to walk through the h ills of the Satpudas for around 7-8 km. This shows up a serious flaw in the state government’s policy with regard to the location and coverage of primary  health centres. The village of Ohwa is connected to the Horaphali PHC, which is 22 km away. There is no road connecting the village with the centre; people have to walk through the Satpuda hills to get to it. To correct the situation the government sanctioned a health centre for Ohwa in 2004. But, although the tribal development department made provision to build the primary health centre, the health department still has to sanction the plan.Seven villages — Andharbari, Kaulavi, Bari, Pimpalgaon, Valamba, Maliamba and Kondvapada — do not have a public distribution system (PDS) outlet. Tribals from these villages are forced to walk 3-4 km to reach a PDS outlet. Of the 22 surveyed villages, 11 do not have a single job-creation opportunity under the state’s well-known Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS). The residents of seven villages did receive some form of employment but only for a period of around a month.The survey also covered two rehabilitation and resettlement (R&R) sites of the Sardar Sarovar Project. Although the government claims to have carried out its R&R duties satisfactorily, the situation on the ground is quite the opposite. Of the 634 children surveyed, 378 were found to be malnourished and the number of girls among them was as high as 60%. Of the total number of malnourished children, 119 were in the third and fourth stages. The two sites have separate PHCs, PDS outlets, gram panchayats and four anganwadis each. All the children were in the 0-6 age-group. This shows that they were born after their families were resettled. What conditions are like in the other six sites is a question open for study.What is clearly needed is a debate on the findings of this survey, from the social, economic, political, cultural and medico-anthropological perspective. Especially, vis-ÃÆ' -vis the government’s information on the subject. The report is being made public to facilitate just such a debate.India’s malnutrition problem is a systemic issue | | Girls in India are more malnourished as â€Å"inadequate resources of families are divided preferentially among men†.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The problem of malnourishment in India is a reflection on its deeply entrenched poverty and a lack of functionality of its systems,† says author [EPA]| India’s growing riches have been the subject of many global discussions. In the past few years, India has responded to international emergencies by reaching out with support in cash and kind. However, India  has still not managed to get a grip on the problem of malnutrition its children face, a fact that India’s prime minister this year called a â€Å"national shame†.The facts are daunting – as many as nearly half of India’s children below five years are malnourished. Girls are even more malnourished as inadequate resources of families are divided preferentially among men. India’s nutrition problem shows among women as well – the malnourished girls grow up to be anaemic, deliver underweight babies who face an increased risk of dying and being sick right after their birth. India ranks 76 among 80 middle-income countries rated for the â€Å"best place to be a mother† according to the Save the Children’s Mothers’ Index released in May 2012.’Anganwadi’ centresThe problem of malnourishment in India is a reflection on its deeply entrenched poverty and a lack of functionality of its systems. Policymakers from the comfort of their oversized public-funded accommodation while examining the failure of their policies often argue that a country of India’s size – both in terms of geography as well as population – is difficult to administer. What they admit a little reluctantly is that the government-supported institutions are neither effective nor accountable to the people, and that the budget allocations in sectors critical for people’s well-being are still abysmally low. India’s wealth – no longer so new-found – has so far not filtered down to the areas which would make considerable difference to the lives of its common people.A question often asked in India is about the co-existence of hunger and malnutrition alongside the problem of plenty – of thousands of tonnes of food grains rotting due to poor storage in government stores while the poor go to bed hungry. Clearly, the problem is not of a lack of resources but of systems that ensure that the country’s opportunities and resources are more equitably and equally divided.India’s response to its massive problem of malnutrition has been largely through the Integrated Child Development Services, or ICDS as it is known. The ICDS runs preparatory schools-cum-health institutions called anganwadi centres where pregnant and lactating women and children below five years receive supplementary nutrition while children are also taught to take first steps towards learning letters and numbers. Many states have further equipped their anganwadi centres to enable them to treat the common ailments of  children.Considering the critical role of anganwadi centres in helping children remain healthy, they should have been universalised decades ago but they have not. Anganwadi centres cover only 50 per cent of India’s children. However, data as well as anecdotal evidence appearing in the form of newspaper reports points out that anganwadi centres do not function at their optimum capacity and efficiency. Their staff are not accountable to the people of the village, and being â€Å"influential† (some of them are known to be relatives of village headmen and other important members of the village) are not s usceptible to punitive action when they fail to perform their duty. Poverty and malnourishmentThat is a typical Indian situation – one can get away without being punished for one’s wrongdoings if one has the right connections. This is the bane of most of India’s institutions and facilities which are meant to serve the people but become, instead, means of employment and influence for a few. â€Å"Nearly half of India’s children below five years are malnourished.†| Under the patronage of this protection, doctors in government hospitals may remain absent from work without a note on the attendance register for days, teachers may not teach, clerks in offices may demand a bribe to perform a task which is the right of a citizen. The impact of dysfunctional systems on the lives of the poor and the marginalised is devastating as they have no alternatives. The poor die of common illnesses if they do not get treated at government hospitals, or they go borrow money to access a private hospital and go into debt. In fact, the WHO has said that 3.2 per cent Indians would fall below the poverty line because of high medical bills with about 70 per cent of Indians spending their entire income on healthcare and purchasing drugs. The Planning Commission also accepts that out of pocket expense to pay for healthcare costs is a growing problem in India. It says 39 million Indians are pushed to poverty because of ill health every year. Around 30 per cent in rural India didn’t go for any treatment for financial constraints in 2004. In urban areas, 20 per cent of ailments were untreated for financial problems the same year, said a recent study in the Lancet. The government needs to look at health and education as critically important sectors in the development paradigm. If India is to reap its demographic dividend, it cannot do so with half of its children malnourished and not reaching their full potential| Overview of Malnutrition Situation in Maharashtra Maharashtra: The data below are from the National Family Healthy Survey 2005-2006. Highlights: The nutrition situation in Maharashtra is slightly better than the national average with improvements from 1998-99 and 1992-93 except for an increase of anaemia prevalence among pregnant women. The feeding practice for children aged 6-9 months shows an alarming pattern with only 48% of children aged 6-9 months receiving solid or semisolid food and breast milk. This is significantly lower than the national average of almost 56%. Furthermore, the prevalence drops to 40% for rural areas compared with the national average of 54% and as low as 23.3% for non-educated mothers compared with the national average of 49%. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Maharashtra is higher than the national average for both female and male with Mumbai reaching almost 35% of obesity among the female population. Within Maharashtra, there are significant differences between rural and urban areas with the ru ral areas being more affected by malnutrition. However, the most outstanding gap in all indicators is between non-educated and well-educated respondents. Malnutrition and Anaemia Rates Are High among Children * Almost 38% of children under age three are stunted (India – 38.4%) and almost 40% are underweight (India 45.9%). Both indicators have slightly improved from 1998-99 and 1992-93. * Wasting affects 14.6% of children under age (India 19%) with a steady improvement from 1998-99 and 1992-93. * Compared with urban areas, under-nutrition is higher in rural areas and in Mumbai. Similar to the national picture, there is a strong correlation between child malnutrition and the level of maternal education showing a two-fold difference between non-educated and well-educated mothers. The stunting and underweight prevalence for children with illiterate mothers is 52.9% and 53.1% respectively contrasted with 22.9% and 25.9% for children with well educated mothers. The stark difference may be linked to access to nutritious diet and complementary feeding at 6-9 months. * Almost 72% of children under age three are anaemic (India 79.2). There is a significant urban-rural divide with Mumbai having the lowest prevalence  with 59.5% compared with 76.8% in rural areas. The non-educated versus educated mothers difference is not as strong with 75% and 71% relatively. This may be linked to a more general poor quality of nutrition and hygiene conditions and limited access to iron supplementation. Improvements Needed in Infant and Child Feeding especially for the age 6-9 months * 53% of children are fed only breast milk for the first 6 months (India 46%). Exclusive breastfeeding is significantly higher among the non-educated mothers, in rural areas and in Mumbai. Work factor and access to breast milk substitutes may have an impact among urban and better educated mothers. The positive deviance in Mumbai may be associated with an increased awareness among the female working class and better baby-friendly employment conditions. * 51.8% of children under three years are breastfed within one hour of birth (India 23.4%) with no significant difference between urban and rural areas and between well-educated and non-educated mothers. * Only 47.8% of children aged 6-9 months receive solid or semisolid food and breast milk. This is significantly lower than the national average of almost 56%. The prevalence drops as low as 40% in rural areas (India rural 54%) and 23.3% among non-educated mothers (India non-educated 49%) showing a high-priority gap. The prevalence in urban areas and in Mumbai is 58% and 56.6% respectively (India urban 62.1%). * 32% of children age 12-35 months received vitamin A supplements in the six months before the survey (India 23%) with the highest prevalence in urban areas (34.2%) followed by rural areas (29.9%) and Mumbai (27%) with a significant difference between non-educated (26.2%) and well-educated mothers (32.2%). A significant percentage of Women and Men Are Either Too Thin or Too Fat * 32.6% of married women (India 33%) and almost 30% of men (India 28%) are too thin, according to the body mass index (BMI). Underweight is strikingly most common among the non-educated and the rural population compared with Mumbai  and urban areas that show a similar prevalence. * Overweight and obesity affects 17% of women (India 14.8%) and almost 16% of men (India 12%). Overweight and obesity are strikingly most common in urban areas and among the well-educated with Mumbai reaching almost 35% of obesity among the female population as compared with the national urban average of 29%. Anaemia is Widespread * 49% of women (India 56.2%) and 16.2% of men (India 24.3) suffer from anaemia. Among pregnant women, anaemia has increased from 52.6% to almost 58%. * Only 30.5% of pregnant women consume Iron and Folic Acid supplementation for 90 days (India 22.3%) with 16.4% among the non-educated women compared to 45.2% among the well-educated ones. Rural and urban areas have the same prevalence of 30.5% with Mumbai reaching only 27.5% (India urban 34.5% respectively) The bleakest numbers* at a glance:*(NOTE: Figures have been rounded to the closest zero for easier understanding of the ratio) 1. For every ten children aged three or less, born to illiterate mothers, five children are stunted – too short for their age. This is a sign of chronic malnutrition. 2. For every ten children aged three or less, born to illiterate mothers, five children are underweight – too thin for their age. This is a sign of acute and chronic malnutrition. 3. For every ten children aged three or less, born to illiterate mothers, two children are wasted – too thin for his/her age. This is a sign of acute malnutrition. Wasted children are at highest risk of dying from malnutrition or from any common child diseases like diarrhoea or respiratory infections. 4. For every ten children aged 6-9 months, born to illiterate mothers, only two receive solid or semi-solid foods in addition to Breast-milk as recommended. This jeopardizes their chances of survival and irreversibly impairs their future growth and development. 5. For every ten children aged one to three years, born to illiterate mothers, only three children received Vitamin A supplementation in the last six months prior the survey. 6. For every ten illiterate women aged 15-49 years, four are too thin. 7. For every ten pregnant illiterate women, six are anaemic but only two  take Iron and Folic Acid supplementation for 90 days as recommended. The higher the education of the mother, the better the nutrition status of themselves and their child.NOTE: In Maharashtra, for every ten women, 2 women are illiterate and 8 are educatedAmong the educated women, 3 are well-educated (10 years complete and above), 2 have 8-9 years complete and 3 have less than 8 years complete.